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Further readingBenfey, Christopher, Degas in New Orleans: Encounters in the Creole World of Kate Chopin and George Washington Cable, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.
Benfey, Christopher, "Norbert Rillieux: Chemical Engineer and Free Black Cousin of Edgar Degas," Chemical Heritage: Newsmagazine of the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Summer 1998, Vol. 16, No. 1, 10-11, 38-40.
Berlin, Ira, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South, New York: Pantheon Books, 1974.
Conrad, Glenn R. and Ray F. Lucas, White Gold: A Brief History of the Louisiana Sugar Industry, 1795-1995, Lafayette, LA: University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1995.
Deerr, Noel, The History of Sugar, 2 vols. London: Chapman and Hall, 1949.
Elder, Eleanor, "The Rillieux Plaque in the Cabildo," Chemical Heritage: Newsmagazine of the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Summer 1998, Vol. 16, No. 1, 41.
Heitman, John Alfred, The Modernization of the Louisiana Sugar Industry, 1830-1910, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1987.
Meade, George P., "A Negro Scientist of Slavery Days," Scientific Monthly, 1946, Vol. LXII, 317-326. Reprinted in Negro History Bulletin, April 1957, Vol. XX, 159-163.
Olmsted, Frederick Law, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, New York: Dix and Edwards, 1856.
Acknowledgments
Photo credits: The Jamaica Train and the Sugar Harvest are from the Special Collections of the Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University, New Orleans
The picture of Norbert Rillieux- The Louisiana State Museum
The Degas painting- Courtesy of the Fogg Museum, Harvard University
Written by Judah Ginsberg
A revolution in sugar processing | Norbert Rillieux: chemist and engineer | Sugar production and the multiple effect evaporator | Neither slave nor free | The Degas connection | Landmark designation | Further reading
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